Merge PDFs and add a password in Python

What you need

• An API key. Create one in the app under API keys and export it as FORMFEED_API_KEY. A test key (ff_test_…) is right for trying things out. See the quick start.
• Python. You need Python 3.10 or newer and the formfeed package (it brings httpx and pydantic).
• The sources. sources.json next to the program: a JSON array of what goes into the document, in order. A render id (rnd_…) or the name of a PDF in the workspace library, two to fifty of them.
• A password. In FORMFEED_PDF_PASSWORD. Generate one per document and send it through a different channel than the file.
• A plan with PDF tools. The tools are part of Starter and above.

pip install formfeed

The program

The program reads the sources, merges them into one PDF, encrypts that result with the password and saves the finished file.

import json
import os
from pathlib import Path

from formfeed import Formfeed

formfeed = Formfeed(api_key=os.environ["FORMFEED_API_KEY"])
sources = json.loads(Path("sources.json").read_text(encoding="utf-8"))

# 1. join the documents, in the order they are given
merged = formfeed.pdf.merge(sources, filename="bundle.pdf")

# 2. encrypt the result; printing stays allowed, copying and editing do not
protected = formfeed.pdf.protect(
    merged,
    user_password=os.environ["FORMFEED_PDF_PASSWORD"],
    permissions=["print"],
)

Path("bundle.pdf").write_bytes(formfeed.renders.download(protected))
print(protected.id, protected.page_count, "page(s),", protected.units, "unit(s)")

Run it

It prints the render’s id, the page count and the units, and bundle.pdf lies next to the program. Opening it asks for the password; printing works, copying text does not.

export FORMFEED_API_KEY=ff_test_...
export FORMFEED_PDF_PASSWORD=$(openssl rand -base64 18)
python bundle.py

What is particular about Python

• Keyword arguments. Every field of the request is a keyword argument (renders.create, pdf.protect), after the items of renders.batch and the sources of pdf.merge, which come first; nested options such as settings or post are plain dictionaries.
• Retries are built in. The client sends an Idempotency-Key with every render and retries 429, 503 and network errors up to three times with backoff, with the same key: a retry of a request that was answered already gets that answer back instead of a second render.
• Typed results. The answer is a pydantic model: render.download_url, render.page_count and render.units are attributes, not dictionary keys.
• Async too. AsyncFormfeed has the same methods as coroutines, for FastAPI or any asyncio service.

Why two calls

• Order matters. An encrypted PDF cannot be changed any more, so the password comes last. Merging an already protected document fails.
• Every step is a render. Merge and protect each produce a render of their own with an id, a download URL and a line in the render log; the second takes the first’s id as its source.
• Half a unit each. A tool costs 0.5 units on a live key, whatever the page count. The renders that produced the sources were counted when they ran.
• Or in one request. A render can carry the same steps as post and do everything in one call. Use the tools when the documents already exist, and post when you are rendering anyway. See PDF tools.

What the permissions do

Everything not listed in permissions is forbidden (leave the list out and all four of print, copy, modify and annotate are allowed): with ["print"] a reader may print but not copy text, edit or annotate. Without a user_password anyone can open the document and the permissions still apply, which is the right setting for a document that is public but should not be edited. An owner_password lifts the restrictions; a random one is used when you send none. PDF viewers honour the permissions, but they are no protection against someone who can open the file: confidentiality comes from the user_password.

When the API says no

• One shape for every error. Errors are problem documents (RFC 9457) with type, title, status, detail, a stable code and the request_id to quote to support; the type URL leads to a page about that error. The list is in the error reference.
• The usual ones. 401 unauthorized for a missing or revoked key, 404 template_not_found for a wrong template name, 422 template_runtime_error when the template fails on the data, 429 rate_limited above the plan’s requests per second, 402 quota_exceeded when the Free plan’s units are used up (a paid plan bills extra units up to its hard cap).
• Retry safely. Send an Idempotency-Key header with the POST, and repeat the request with the same key when you do not know whether the first attempt arrived: for 24 hours the key returns the first answer instead of rendering and billing again. The answer is stored once the first attempt has been answered, so do not retry while it may still run; and problems below 500 are stored too, so a corrected request needs a new key.

The job around this program

This guide is one program. What the job needs around it, from the template to the limits and the price, is on the page Contract and agreement PDFs.

More Python guides

• Generate a PDF invoice from JSON in Python
• Create a ZUGFeRD / Factur-X e-invoice in Python
• Convert HTML to PDF in Python
• Generate Open Graph images in Python
• Generate PDFs from a CSV in Python
• Async PDF rendering with a verified webhook in Python

FAQ

Where do the render ids come from?

From the renders you made earlier: the id of every answer. They must belong to the same workspace and their output must still exist. Files you uploaded to the library are named instead.

Which encryption is used?

AES-256, done by qpdf. The password never appears in the render log, and it is not stored: lose it and the document cannot be opened.

Can I watermark as well?

Yes, /pdf/watermark is the third tool and takes a text or an image. Chain it before the password, like the merge. See PDF tools.

Merge and protect in other languages

• Node.js (TypeScript)
• PHP
• Go
• C# (.NET)
• Java
• Ruby
• curl